Municipal solid waste

Municipal solid waste
State of problem

In natural ecosystems, waste does not accumulate, and are decomposed and recycled, ie, by cycling of nutrients. Humanity before dispose of waste by the same natural processes. But the population explosion and technological advances have led to the fact that the environment receives a huge amount of waste that exceeds the capabilities of natural ecosystems. Problem is exacerbated by the production of an increasing number of agents (type and amount), which are not destroyed or broken with difficulty as a result of natural processes (in nature of the feeders and decomposers). To meet the annual needs of every living person on the earth for food, clothing, housing, to ensure its cultural and aesthetic needs, uses about 20 tons of various natural resources. Extraction of minerals in the world doubles every 15 years. Accordingly, the increase and the volume of waste that can be divided into industrial and domestic.

Industrial waste

Direct access to the technological chain of the "raw material - the target product is" rarely exceeds 10%, ie from 1 ton of ore obtained 100 kg of "final product" and 900 kg of "useless product". It becomes apparent what an enormous amount of industrial waste is accompanied by increasing needs of the Earth. Especially a lot of solid waste give ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, mining, energy, wood processing and other industries. At the enterprises of ferrous metallurgy of the CIS is only 5% of the exposed rocks, piled in heaps 400 million tons of blast furnaces and steelmaking slag. This year the number has added tens of millions of tons of slag and hundreds of millions of tons of waste washing plants. In the factories for the production of sulfuric acid has accumulated 28 million tons of pyrite cinders and annually produce 5.7 million tons more potash fertilizer plant has accumulated 500 million tons of halite wastes, whose number is increasing annually by 10%. Logging companies have accumulated more than 200 million m3 of wood bark. Gives a lot of waste energy industry. For example, when working within one day of average power CHP (I GKkvt) requires 10 tons of coal and generated a thousand tons of slag and ash, under the blade of which requires an area of ​​1 hectare per year. The share of mining waste accounts for 70-75% of all waste in the economy, but they used very little.

Household waste

Household waste - the waste product waste materials that accumulate in the household and establishment of garbage, waste, food waste, waste paper, clothing worn, malfunctioning appliances, etc. - anything that does not apply to industrial and sewage waste. The amount of solid waste is steadily increasing due to lifestyle changes (mainly from the use of disposable tableware, various containers, packing and packaging materials, etc.) as well as increases in population. The composition of municipal waste something like this: paper - 41% food waste - 21% glass - 12% iron and its alloys - 10%, plastic - 5%, timber - 5%, rubber and leather - 3%, textiles - 2%, aluminum - 1%, other metals - 0.3%. The share of individual components varies considerably depending on the source (urban, rural), living standards, time of year, etc. The city has a population of 1 million people daily waste is about 2 tons of local authorities are obliged to clean up the garbage and bring it reprocessing.